電(dian)芯(xin)疊片(pian)是(shi)鋰電(dian)池中段生產(chan)的核心環節。

鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造可(ke)統一分為極(ji)(ji)片(pian)(pian)(pian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)組(zu)裝(zhuang)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)激活檢測和模(mo)(mo)組(zu)/Pack 封裝(zhuang)四大(da)工序，其中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)組(zu)裝(zhuang)屬于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)段(duan)生產環節，主要包括卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)繞(rao)或疊片(pian)(pian)(pian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)預(yu)封裝(zhuang)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)注液等工序。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)繞(rao)是指將制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)工序或收卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)式(shi)模(mo)(mo)切(qie)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作的(de)(de)極(ji)(ji)片(pian)(pian)(pian)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)繞(rao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)，疊片(pian)(pian)(pian)指的(de)(de)是將模(mo)(mo)切(qie)工序中(zhong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作的(de)(de)單體極(ji)(ji)片(pian)(pian)(pian)疊成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯(xin)。通常來說，卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)繞(rao)用于(yu)(yu)方形和圓柱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，疊片(pian)(pian)(pian)用于(yu)(yu)方形和軟包電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。根據 GGII 測算數據，在鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)(bei)中(zhong)，中(zhong)段(duan)設備(bei)(bei)價值量占比(bi)約為 35%，其中(zhong)，卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)繞(rao)/疊片(pian)(pian)(pian)機是中(zhong)段(duan)設備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)核心(xin)，價值量占比(bi)約 70%。

疊片(pian)與(yu)卷繞的工藝差別(bie)

主(zhu)要(yao)在模切和極組成型

在模(mo)(mo)切(qie)工序，傳統(tong)卷(juan)(juan)繞(rao)(rao)采(cai)用(yong)雙邊模(mo)(mo)切(qie)，模(mo)(mo)切(qie)極(ji)(ji)耳(er)間距不等(deng)，沖切(qie)位(wei)置(zhi)有(you) Mark 孔進行定(ding)位(wei)；而(er)疊(die)(die)片(pian)(pian)采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)邊模(mo)(mo)切(qie)，極(ji)(ji)耳(er)間距相同(tong)，會進行等(deng)間距切(qie)斷。在極(ji)(ji)組成型工序，卷(juan)(juan)繞(rao)(rao)正負極(ji)(ji)片(pian)(pian)連續，疊(die)(die)片(pian)(pian)是片(pian)(pian)狀物(wu)料，在層數(shu)相同(tong)的(de)情況下，相較(jiao)于卷(juan)(juan)繞(rao)(rao)電(dian)池，疊(die)(die)片(pian)(pian)電(dian)池的(de)極(ji)(ji)耳(er)數(shu)量多一(yi)倍，同(tong)時隔膜張力幾乎為零(ling)，孔隙率和原材料保持一(yi)致。目前市場(chang)上主流疊(die)(die)片(pian)(pian)機(ji)(ji)設(she)備路線主要有(you) Z 字型疊(die)(die)片(pian)(pian)機(ji)(ji)、切(qie)疊(die)(die)一(yi)體(ti)機(ji)(ji)、熱復合(he)疊(die)(die)片(pian)(pian)機(ji)(ji)和卷(juan)(juan)繞(rao)(rao)一(yi)體(ti)機(ji)(ji)四(si)種(zhong)，其中 Z 型疊(die)(die)片(pian)(pian)目前在國內應用(yong)最(zui)廣泛，熱復合(he)疊(die)(die)片(pian)(pian)機(ji)(ji)技術難度更高，卷(juan)(juan)疊(die)(die)一(yi)體(ti)機(ji)(ji)涉(she)及到(dao)日(ri)韓專利，國內應用(yong)較(jiao)少。

疊片顯著提升電池能量密度(du)和安全性

劣勢在于效率和工藝控制等方面

和卷繞電池相比，疊片電池具有一定優勢：

1）更高(gao)的體積能量密度上限：在相同(tong)體積的電(dian)芯(xin)設計(ji)情況(kuang)下(xia)，疊片電(dian)芯(xin)的能量密度高(gao)出約 5%左右

2）更穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)內(nei)部(bu)結構(gou)和(he)更高的(de)安全性：不(bu)存(cun)在拐(guai)(guai)角(jiao)內(nei)應(ying)力(li)不(bu)均(jun)勻問題，每層(ceng)膨脹力(li)接近，因此可以保持界(jie)面(mian)平整(zheng)，內(nei)部(bu)結構(gou)更穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)，同(tong)時拐(guai)(guai)角(jiao)處受(shou)力(li)均(jun)勻，斷裂風險降低

3）更(geng)長的循(xun)環(huan)壽命：極耳數量是卷繞電池的 2 倍，內阻相應降低(di) 10%以上，循(xun)環(huan)壽命比卷繞高 10%左右

4）更適合做高倍率(lv)、大(da)尺(chi)寸和異型電池。但疊片也存在生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)效(xiao)率(lv)較低、良率(lv)較低、設備(bei)投資大(da)、工藝(yi)難度大(da)等劣(lie)勢，是(shi)此前制(zhi)約大(da)批量生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)主要因素。

方形大尺寸(cun)電池成(cheng)為趨勢之(zhi)下

疊片有(you)望得(de)到大規模應(ying)用

在(zai)三種不同形(xing)態的(de)鋰電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中，圓柱電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)僅使(shi)用卷(juan)繞(rao)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，軟包(bao)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)僅使(shi)用疊(die)片(pian)(pian)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，方形(xing)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)既可以使(shi)用卷(juan)繞(rao)也可以使(shi)用疊(die)片(pian)(pian)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)。目前，全球頭部電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)企業未(wei)來(lai)產品規(gui)劃逐(zhu)漸向疊(die)片(pian)(pian)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)切換。鑒于(yu)疊(die)片(pian)(pian)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)能量密(mi)度以及安(an)全性等方面優于(yu)卷(juan)繞(rao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，伴隨(sui)疊(die)片(pian)(pian)技術的(de)不斷發(fa)展，我們預計未(wei)來(lai)方形(xing)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中疊(die)片(pian)(pian)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)有望得到(dao)大規(gui)模使(shi)用。我們預測，到(dao) 2027 年采用疊(die)片(pian)(pian)設(she)備的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產能達到(dao) 845GWh，對應疊(die)片(pian)(pian)機設(she)備空間約 319 億元，折(zhe)合(he)未(wei)來(lai) 5 年 CAGR 達到(dao) 35%。

電芯疊片：鋰(li)電池中(zhong)段生(sheng)產的核(he)心環節

疊(die)(die)片(pian)(pian)與卷(juan)繞(rao)(rao)為鋰(li)電(dian)池中(zhong)(zhong)段(duan)(duan)(duan)生產的核心環節，GGII 測算價值(zhi)量占(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)段(duan)(duan)(duan)設備(bei)約(yue) 70%。各(ge)類鋰(li)電(dian)池的制造可統一分(fen)為極片(pian)(pian)制作(zuo)、電(dian)芯(xin)組裝(zhuang)、電(dian)芯(xin)激活檢(jian)測和模(mo)組/Pack 封裝(zhuang)四大工(gong)序(xu)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)芯(xin)組裝(zhuang)屬(shu)于鋰(li)電(dian)池電(dian)芯(xin)生產的中(zhong)(zhong)段(duan)(duan)(duan)環節，主要包括卷(juan)繞(rao)(rao)或(huo)疊(die)(die)片(pian)(pian)、電(dian)芯(xin)預(yu)封裝(zhuang)、電(dian)芯(xin)注液(ye)等(deng)工(gong)序(xu)，卷(juan)繞(rao)(rao)是(shi)指(zhi)將制片(pian)(pian)工(gong)序(xu)或(huo)收卷(juan)式模(mo)切(qie)機制作(zuo)的極片(pian)(pian)卷(juan)繞(rao)(rao)成電(dian)芯(xin)，疊(die)(die)片(pian)(pian)指(zhi)的是(shi)將模(mo)切(qie)工(gong)序(xu)中(zhong)(zhong)制作(zuo)的單體(ti)極片(pian)(pian)疊(die)(die)成電(dian)芯(xin)。通(tong)常來說，卷(juan)繞(rao)(rao)用于方形和圓柱電(dian)池，疊(die)(die)片(pian)(pian)用于方形和軟包電(dian)池。根(gen)據 GGII 測算數據，在(zai)鋰(li)電(dian)設備(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)段(duan)(duan)(duan)設備(bei)價值(zhi)比(bi)重約(yue)為 35%，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，卷(juan)繞(rao)(rao)/疊(die)(die)片(pian)(pian)機是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)段(duan)(duan)(duan)設備(bei)的核心，價值(zhi)占(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)段(duan)(duan)(duan)設備(bei)約(yue) 70%。

疊(die)(die)片(pian)與卷繞的主(zhu)要差(cha)別(bie)在于模(mo)切和(he)(he)極(ji)組(zu)成型兩(liang)道工(gong)序(xu)。傳(chuan)統方形電池卷繞工(gong)藝與疊(die)(die)片(pian)工(gong)藝流程(cheng)差(cha)異(yi)主(zhu)要在模(mo)切工(gong)序(xu)和(he)(he)極(ji)組(zu)成型工(gong)序(xu)，其他工(gong)序(xu)的加工(gong)方法差(cha)別(bie)不大。

模切工序主要差異：

1）模(mo)(mo)切(qie)(qie)方式，傳統卷(juan)繞采用(yong)雙邊五(wu)金或者(zhe)激光模(mo)(mo)切(qie)(qie)方式，模(mo)(mo)切(qie)(qie)完成(cheng)后(hou)分切(qie)(qie)收卷(juan)，以卷(juan)料形(xing)式流(liu)向極組(zu)成(cheng)型工序，疊片則大多采用(yong)單邊五(wu)金或者(zhe)激光模(mo)(mo)切(qie)(qie)方式，模(mo)(mo)切(qie)(qie)后(hou)以片狀物料流(liu)向極組(zu)成(cheng)型工序。

2）極(ji)(ji)耳間(jian)距(ju)，卷繞的(de)模(mo)切極(ji)(ji)耳間(jian)距(ju)不(bu)等(deng)，內圈(quan)間(jian)距(ju)小(xiao)，外(wai)圈(quan)間(jian)距(ju)大，極(ji)(ji)耳的(de)間(jian)距(ju)依據卷繞每圈(quan)的(de)周長差進行設計，這(zhe)樣可以保(bao)證卷繞后(hou)的(de)極(ji)(ji)組(zu)極(ji)(ji)耳落在(zai)同(tong)一位置，疊片的(de)極(ji)(ji)耳則是等(deng)間(jian)距(ju)的(de)。

3）沖切位(wei)置(zhi)，卷繞會根據(ju)電芯要求(qiu)在片(pian)長位(wei)置(zhi)設置(zhi) Mark 定(ding)位(wei)孔(kong)，卷繞時(shi)檢測到 Mark 孔(kong)時(shi)會進行(xing)切斷(duan)，而疊(die)片(pian)極耳間距(ju)相(xiang)同，會進行(xing)等間距(ju)切斷(duan)。

極組成型工序主要差異：

1）極(ji)(ji)片狀態，卷繞的正負(fu)極(ji)(ji)片連續，疊片的正負(fu)極(ji)(ji)片是片狀物料。

2）極組(zu)(zu)完成(cheng)(cheng)判定，卷繞檢(jian)測到 Mark 孔時進行(xing)裁斷(duan)，完成(cheng)(cheng)極組(zu)(zu)卷繞，疊片(pian)則按照正(zheng)負(fu)極片(pian)的(de)設(she)定數量進行(xing)疊片(pian)，達(da)到設(she)定值時完成(cheng)(cheng)一個(ge)電池的(de)疊片(pian)。

3）極組(zu)形態，在層數(shu)相同條件下，疊片(pian)電(dian)池的極耳數(shu)較卷繞電(dian)池多(duo)一倍。

4）隔(ge)膜張力控(kong)制，卷繞(rao)在高速卷繞(rao)過(guo)程(cheng)中隔(ge)膜會(hui)產生(sheng)一定的張力，孔(kong)隙(xi)率(lv)會(hui)發(fa)生(sheng)微小的變化，而疊片在極組成型時張力幾乎(hu)為零，孔(kong)隙(xi)率(lv)和(he)原材料保(bao)持一致。

目(mu)前(qian)市場(chang)上主流(liu)疊(die)片(pian)機(ji)設備(bei)路線(xian)主要有四種，分(fen)別(bie)為 Z 字型疊(die)片(pian)機(ji)、切(qie)(qie)疊(die)一(yi)(yi)體機(ji)、熱復合(he)疊(die)片(pian)機(ji)和卷(juan)(juan)繞一(yi)(yi)體機(ji)。其中，Z 字型疊(die)片(pian)機(ji)和切(qie)(qie)疊(die)一(yi)(yi)體機(ji)本(ben)質上都屬于 Z 型疊(die)片(pian)，目(mu)前(qian)在(zai)國內應用(yong)最廣泛。熱復合(he)疊(die)片(pian)機(ji)是(shi)將(jiang)烘(hong)烤后的正負(fu)極(ji)片(pian)與隔膜熱復合(he)，隨后經輥(gun)壓(ya)，裁(cai)切(qie)(qie)成復合(he)單元(yuan)再進行(xing)疊(die)片(pian)，相(xiang)較(jiao)于 Z 字型疊(die)片(pian)多(duo)熱復合(he)和輥(gun)壓(ya)等工序，技術難度(du)更高。卷(juan)(juan)疊(die)一(yi)(yi)體機(ji)是(shi)指(zhi)將(jiang)正負(fu)極(ji)片(pian)裁(cai)切(qie)(qie)成單元(yuan)，分(fen)別(bie)貼在(zai)隔膜上，然后用(yong)卷(juan)(juan)繞的方式(shi)，實現(xian)兩(liang)組正負(fu)極(ji)片(pian)相(xiang)間疊(die)放(fang)；卷(juan)(juan)疊(die)一(yi)(yi)體機(ji)設計牽扯到國外日韓(han)專利，例如(ru) LG 新能源使用(yong)的是(shi)德(de)國MANZ 制造(zao)的卷(juan)(juan)疊(die)一(yi)(yi)體機(ji)鋰電設備(bei)。

疊片優劣勢分析：

提升電池能(neng)量密(mi)度(du)和(he)安全性

受限于效率和工藝問題(ti)

總結(jie)：疊片工藝(yi)能(neng)(neng)更(geng)(geng)好提(ti)升電池(chi)性能(neng)(neng)，但(dan)是存在生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)效(xiao)(xiao)率低、設備(bei)投資(zi)大等問題。和卷繞(rao)電池(chi)相比，疊片電池(chi)在理論上具有更(geng)(geng)高的(de)體積能(neng)(neng)量密度上限(xian)、更(geng)(geng)穩定的(de)內部結(jie)構和更(geng)(geng)長的(de)循環壽命等優(you)點(dian)，同時(shi)更(geng)(geng)適(shi)合生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)高倍率電池(chi)、大尺寸電池(chi)和異型電池(chi)，但(dan)也存在生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)效(xiao)(xiao)率較(jiao)低、良率較(jiao)低、設備(bei)投資(zi)大、工藝(yi)難度大等缺點(dian)。

疊(die)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)空(kong)間(jian)利(li)用(yong)率(lv)較高，有利(li)于提(ti)升(sheng)電池(chi)能量(liang)密度。卷繞電池(chi)在卷繞拐角部(bu)有弧度，在空(kong)間(jian)利(li)用(yong)率(lv)上要低(di)于疊(die)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)電池(chi)，而疊(die)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)結(jie)構可以充分利(li)用(yong)電池(chi)的(de)邊角空(kong)間(jian)，根(gen)據《中國車規(gui)級動力高速疊(die)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)電池(chi)發展白皮書》數據，從卷繞到(dao)疊(die)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，VDA 容(rong)量(liang)提(ti)升(sheng)約(yue)(yue) 2.5%，在相同體(ti)積的(de)電芯設(she)計情況下，疊(die)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)電芯的(de)能量(liang)密度高出約(yue)(yue) 5%左右(you)。

疊(die)(die)片(pian)電(dian)池(chi)不(bu)(bu)存(cun)在拐(guai)角內應力不(bu)(bu)均勻問(wen)題，內部(bu)(bu)結(jie)構更(geng)加穩(wen)定。在電(dian)池(chi)循環過程中，伴(ban)隨鋰離子的(de)嵌入(ru)，正負(fu)極片(pian)均有(you)膨脹，卷繞電(dian)池(chi)由于拐(guai)角處(chu)內外層內應力不(bu)(bu)一致，容易產生波浪狀(zhuang)變(bian)形(xing)，導致電(dian)池(chi)界面(mian)變(bian)差，電(dian)流(liu)分(fen)布不(bu)(bu)均勻，內部(bu)(bu)結(jie)構不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定。而疊(die)(die)片(pian)電(dian)池(chi)不(bu)(bu)存(cun)在拐(guai)角內應力不(bu)(bu)均勻問(wen)題，每層膨脹力接近，因此(ci)可(ke)以保持(chi)界面(mian)平整，內部(bu)(bu)結(jie)構更(geng)穩(wen)定。

疊片(pian)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)安(an)全(quan)性更高。在電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)循環過程中，卷繞(rao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)拐角處內(nei)應力無法充分釋放(fang)，可能導致拐角處斷裂(lie)，進而產生(sheng)脫粉、毛刺(ci)等問題，甚(shen)至(zhi)引(yin)發電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)短路，帶來(lai)熱失控風(feng)險。而疊片(pian)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)拐角處受力均勻，大大降低電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)安(an)全(quan)風(feng)險問題。